Organizations such as Frito-Lay, 3M, Goodrich, Michigan Bell, and Emery Air Freight have actually all used reinforcement to increase efficiency. Empirical research study covering the last twenty years recommends that reinforcement theory has a 17 percent increase in performance. Additionally, numerous reinforcement strategies such as making use of appreciation are low-cost, providing greater performance for lower costs.
Social scientists argued that history was more than the outcome of intervention of terrific men as Carlyle suggested. Herbert Spencer (1884) (and Karl Marx) stated that the times produce the individual and not the other way around. This theory presumes that various circumstances call for various attributes; according to this group of theories, no single optimal psychographic profile of a leader exists.
Structure upon the research study of Lewin et al., academics began to stabilize the descriptive models of management environments, specifying three leadership designs and determining which circumstances each style works better in. a few of their recent reports , for instance, is approved in durations of crisis but stops working to win the "hearts and minds" of followers in everyday management; the democratic management design is more sufficient in situations that require consensus structure; finally, the laissez-faire management design is valued for the degree of freedom it offers, but as the leaders do not "take charge", they can be viewed as a failure in protracted or tough organizational problems.
3 contingency management theories appear more prominently in recent years: Fiedler contingency design, Vroom-Yetton decision design, and the path-goal theory. The Fiedler contingency design bases the leader's effectiveness on what Fred Fiedler called situational contingency. This arises from the interaction of leadership design and situational favorability (later called situational control).